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- <div class="section" id="managing-zca-with-pyams">
-<span id="zca"></span><h1>Managing ZCA with PyAMS<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-zca-with-pyams" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
-<p>The <strong>Zope Component Architecture</strong> (aka ZCA) is used by the Pyramid framework “under the hood” to handle interfaces,
-adapters and utilities. You don’t <strong>have to</strong> use it in your own applications. But you can.</p>
-<p>The ZCA is mainly adding elements like <strong>interfaces</strong>, <strong>adapters</strong> and <strong>utilities</strong> to the Python language. It
-allows you to write a framework or an application by using <strong>components</strong> which can be extended easily.</p>
-<p>You will find several useful resources about ZCA concepts on the internet.</p>
-<div class="section" id="local-utilities">
-<h2>Local utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#local-utilities" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>In ZCA, a <strong>utility</strong> is a <strong>registered</strong> component which provides an <strong>interface</strong>. This interface is the
-<strong>contract</strong> which defines features (list of attributes and methods) provided by the component which implements it.</p>
-<p>When a Pyramid application starts, a <strong>global registry</strong> is created to register a whole set of utilities and
-adapters; this registration can be done via ZCML directives or via native Python code.
-In addition, PyAMS allows you to define <strong>local utilities</strong>, which are stored and registered in the ZODB via a <strong>site
-manager</strong>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="defining-site-root">
-<h2>Defining site root<a class="headerlink" href="#defining-site-root" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>One of PyAMS pre-requisites is to use the ZODB, at least to store the site root application, it’s configuration and a
-set of local utilities. <a class="reference internal" href="site.html#site"><span class="std std-ref">PyAMS site management</span></a> describes application startup and <strong>local site manager</strong> initialization process.</p>
-<p>This site can be used to store <strong>local utilities</strong> whose configuration, which is easily available to site
-administrators through management interface, is stored in the ZODB.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="registering-global-utilities">
-<h2>Registering global utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#registering-global-utilities" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p><strong>Global utilities</strong> are components providing an interface which are registered in the global registry.
-PyAMS_utils package provides custom annotations to register global utilities without using ZCML. For example, a skin
-is nothing more than a simple utility providing the <em>ISkin</em> interface:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_default_theme.layer</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IPyAMSDefaultLayer</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_skin.interfaces</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ISkin</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.registry</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">utility_config</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@utility_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'PyAMS default skin'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">provides</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ISkin</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PyAMSDefaultSkin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""PyAMS default skin"""</span>
-
- <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"PyAMS default skin"</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="n">layer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IPyAMSDefaultLayer</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>This annotation registers a utility, named <em>PyAMS default skin</em>, providing the <em>ISkin</em> interface. It’s the developer
-responsibility to provide all attributes and methods required by the provided interface.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="registering-local-utilities">
-<h2>Registering local utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#registering-local-utilities" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>A local utility is a persistent object, registered in a <em>local site manager</em>, and providing a specific interface (if
-a component provides several interfaces, it can be registered several times).</p>
-<p>Some components can be required by a given package, and created automatically via the <em>pyams_upgrade</em> command line
-script; this process relies on the <em>ISiteGenerations</em> interface, for example for the timezone utility, a component
-provided by PyAMS_utils package to handle server timezone and display times correctly:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.interfaces.site</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ISiteGenerations</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.interfaces.timezone</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IServerTimezone</span>
-
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">persistent</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Persistent</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.registry</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">utility_config</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.site</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">check_required_utilities</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.events</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">subscriber</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">zope.container.contained</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Contained</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">zope.interface</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">implementer</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">zope.schema.fieldproperty</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">FieldProperty</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@implementer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IServerTimezone</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ServerTimezoneUtility</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Persistent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Contained</span><span class="p">):</span>
-
- <span class="n">timezone</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FieldProperty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IServerTimezone</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'timezone'</span><span class="p">])</span>
-
-<span class="n">REQUIRED_UTILITIES</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">IServerTimezone</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ServerTimezoneUtility</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Server timezone'</span><span class="p">),)</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@subscriber</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">INewLocalSite</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">handle_new_local_site</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""Create a new ServerTimezoneUtility when a site is created"""</span>
- <span class="n">site</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__parent__</span>
- <span class="n">check_required_utilities</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">site</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">REQUIRED_UTILITIES</span><span class="p">)</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@utility_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'PyAMS timezone'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">provides</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ISiteGenerations</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">TimezoneGenerationsChecker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""Timezone generations checker"""</span>
-
- <span class="n">generation</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
-
- <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">evolve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">site</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">current</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""Check for required utilities"""</span>
- <span class="n">check_required_utilities</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">site</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">REQUIRED_UTILITIES</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Some utilities can also be created manually by an administrator through the management interface, and registered
-automatically after their creation. For example, this is how a ZEO connection utility (which is managing settings to
-define a ZEO connection) is registered:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.interfaces.site</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IOptionalUtility</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.interfaces.zeo</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IZEOConnection</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">zope.annotation.interfaces</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IAttributeAnnotatable</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">zope.lifecycleevent.interfaces</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IObjectAddedEvent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">IObjectRemovedEvent</span>
-
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">persistent</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Persistent</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.events</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">subscriber</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">zope.container.contained</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Contained</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@implementer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IZEOConnection</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ZEOConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""ZEO connection object. See source code to get full implementation..."""</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@implementer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IOptionalUtility</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">IAttributeAnnotatable</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ZEOConnectionUtility</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ZEOConnection</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Persistent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Contained</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""Persistent ZEO connection utility"""</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@subscriber</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IObjectAddedEvent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context_selector</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">IZEOConnection</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">handle_added_connection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""Register new ZEO connection when added"""</span>
- <span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">newParent</span>
- <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">registerUtility</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">IZEOConnection</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@subscriber</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IObjectRemovedEvent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context_selector</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">IZEOConnection</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">handle_removed_connection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""Un-register ZEO connection when deleted"""</span>
- <span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">oldParent</span>
- <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unregisterUtility</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">IZEOConnection</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><em>context_selector</em> is a custom subscriber predicate, so that subscriber event is activated only if object concerned
-by an event is providing given interface.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="looking-for-utilities">
-<h2>Looking for utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#looking-for-utilities" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>ZCA provides the <em>getUtility</em> and <em>queryUtility</em> functions to look for a utility. But these methods only applies to
-global registry.</p>
-<p>PyAMS package provides equivalent functions, which are looking for components into local registry before looking into
-the global one. For example:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_security.interfaces</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ISecurityManager</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.registry</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">query_utility</span>
-
-<span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">query_utility</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ISecurityManager</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">manager</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
- <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Manager is there!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>All ZCA utility functions have been ported to use local registry: <em>registered_utilities</em>, <em>query_utility</em>,
-<em>get_utility</em>, <em>get_utilities_for</em>, <em>get_all_utilities_registered_for</em> functions all follow the equivalent ZCA
-functions API, but are looking for utilities in the local registry before looking in the global registry.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="registering-adapters">
-<h2>Registering adapters<a class="headerlink" href="#registering-adapters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>An adapter is also a kind of utility. But instead of <em>just</em> providing an interface, it adapts an input object,
-providing a given interface, to provide another interface. An adapter can also be named, so that you can choose which
-adapter to use at a given time.</p>
-<p>PyAMS_utils provide another annotation, to help registering adapters without using ZCML files. An adapter can be a
-function which directly returns an object providing the requested interface, or an object which provides the interface.</p>
-<p>The first example is an adapter which adapts any persistent object to get it’s associated transaction manager:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">persistent.interfaces</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IPersistent</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">transaction.interfaces</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ITransactionManager</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">ZODB.interfaces</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IConnection</span>
-
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.adapter</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">adapter_config</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@adapter_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">IPersistent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">provides</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ITransactionManager</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_transaction_manager</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
- <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transaction_manager</span>
- <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
- <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_txn_mgr</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>This is another adapter which adapts any contained object to the <em>IPathElements</em> interface; this interface can be
-used to build index that you can use to find objects based on a parent object:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.interfaces.traversing</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IPathElements</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">zope.intid.interfaces</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IIntIds</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">zope.location.interfaces</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IContained</span>
-
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.adapter</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ContextAdapter</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.registry</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">query_utility</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.location</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">lineage</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@adapter_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">IContained</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">provides</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">IPathElements</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PathElementsAdapter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ContextAdapter</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""Contained object path elements adapter"""</span>
-
- <span class="nd">@property</span>
- <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parents</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="n">intids</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">query_utility</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IIntIds</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">intids</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
- <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
- <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">intids</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">lineage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)]</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>An adapter can also be a multi-adapter, when several input objects are requested to provide a given interface. For
-example, many adapters require a context and a request, eventually a view, to provide another feature. This is how,
-for example, we define a custom <em>name</em> column in a security manager table displaying a list of plug-ins:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_zmi.layer</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IAdminLayer</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">z3c.table.interfaces</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IColumn</span>
-
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_skin.table</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">I18nColumn</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">z3c.table.column</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">GetAttrColumn</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@adapter_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'name'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">IAdminLayer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SecurityManagerPluginsTable</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">provides</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">IColumn</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SecurityManagerPluginsNameColumn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">I18nColumn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">GetAttrColumn</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""Security manager plugins name column"""</span>
-
- <span class="n">_header</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Name"</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="n">attrName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'title'</span>
- <span class="n">weight</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>As you can see, adapted objects can be given as interfaces and/or as classes.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="registering-vocabularies">
-<h2>Registering vocabularies<a class="headerlink" href="#registering-vocabularies" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>A <strong>vocabulary</strong> is a custom factory which can be used as source for several field types, like <em>choices</em> or <em>lists</em>.
-Vocabularies have to be registered in a custom registry, so PyAMS_utils provide another annotation to register them.
-This example is based on the <em>Timezone</em> component which allows you to select a timezone between a list of references:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pytz</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyams_utils.vocabulary</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">vocabulary_config</span>
-<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">zope.schema.vocabulary</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SimpleTerm</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SimpleVocabulary</span>
-
-<span class="nd">@vocabulary_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'PyAMS timezones'</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">TimezonesVocabulary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SimpleVocabulary</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="sd">"""Timezones vocabulary"""</span>
-
- <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="n">terms</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">SimpleTerm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">pytz</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all_timezones</span><span class="p">]</span>
- <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TimezonesVocabulary</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">terms</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
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-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Managing ZCA with PyAMS</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#local-utilities">Local utilities</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#defining-site-root">Defining site root</a></li>
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-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#registering-adapters">Registering adapters</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#registering-vocabularies">Registering vocabularies</a></li>
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